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This article provides an overview of various subsets of conventional T cells, including CD8+ T cells (Tc) and CD4+ T helper cells (Th), and their differentiation pathways influenced by specific cytokines and transcription factors.

A class of signaling molecules known as cytokines has gained prominence as an essential player in the field of natural killer (NK) cell treatment. These small proteins modulate NK cell activity and function in a variety of ways, with significant impacts.

Asthma is a common non-communicable disease that can greatly impact a person's quality of life. It ranks 16th globally in terms of years lived with disability and 28th in terms of burden of disease, as measured by disability-adjusted life years.

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is essential for controlling the immune system and the inflammatory response. Pro-IL-1β is the precursor protein that is created throughout its maturation by the intracellular signaling complexes known as inflammasomes. [1]

Allergy is an abnormal immune system reaction to a foreign substance, including pollen, dust, certain foods, animal dander, or metals that are not typically considered harmful by most individuals. When the body is exposed to an allergen, the immune response involves the production of specific antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) that attach to the allergen.

IgE plays a central role in mediating type I hypersensitivity reactions that are responsible for causing allergic diseases, including allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and others.

The IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4R) mediates the action of IL-4 signaling. After ligand binding, the IL-4R dimerized either with the common gamma chain (γc) to generate the type-1 signaling complex, which is mostly seen on hematopoietic cells and specifically binds IL-4, or with the IL-13 receptor alpha 1 (IL-13Rα1) to generate the type-2 complex, which is also present on non-hematopoietic cells.

Growth factors and cytokines frequently appear together in discussions. They share several structural and functional similarities and both bind to unique cell surface receptors that start signaling pathways and have structurally distinct receptors.

IL-18 has a bility to oversome the short lifespan issue from gamma delta T cell therpay, and it would enhance the proliferation if the cell culture confition in combination with IL-12.

mRNA-based therapeutics are booming. Cell therapy is being taken to the next level. AI accelerates the pace of biotech and biopharma research.

Noggin is a disulfide-linked homodimer that binds to TGF-family members and prevents them from signaling through their receptors. By blocking bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) and other BMPs' signaling pathways, noggin is essential in controlling developmental processes.

IL-4 can have numerous effects on a range of target cells, like many cytokines. The development of effector T-cell responses, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and the generation of antibodies are all significantly influenced by IL-4.

Human Recombinant Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a member of a tiny group of secreted proteins and the most well-known function is crucial for embryonic development, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and selection of T cells.

Interleukin-15 is a cytokine that works similarly to IL-2, including the capacity to elicit antitumor responses. Innate and adaptive immunity depend heavily on IL-15.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a monomeric glycolipid cytokine, which is also an essential hematopoietic growth factor and mediator.